Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental illness characterized by alternating between mania or hypomania, depression, or mixed affective states. Despite the availability of modern pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments, bipolar disorder may increase the risk of substance abuse, suicide, and mortality from comorbidities.
Symptoms
Symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary from person to person, changing over time.
Both manic and hypomanic episodes include three or more of the following symptoms:
- elevated mood, increased excitability or activity, a rush of energy;
- exaggerated feelings of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria);
- decreased sleep duration (sometimes up to 2-3 hours);
- increased appetite;
- verbose accelerated speech;
- accelerated thinking;
- increased distractibility;
- impaired decision-making (risky behaviors, reckless spending of money, etc.);
- brief outbursts of anger;
- motor agitation;
- feelings of self-importance, talent, greatness;
- hallucinations, delusions.
An episode of “major” depression is characterized by the following symptoms:
- feelings of sadness, depression, desolation, hopelessness (irritability may occur in children and adolescents);
- tearfulness;
- marked loss of interest in all or almost all usual daily activities, loss of pleasure in usual activities;
- significant weight loss with the same diet, weight gain or decreased/increased appetite;
- sleep disturbances (insomnia or significant increase in sleep duration);
- restlessness or motor lethargy;
- quiet, slow, little speech;
- a constant feeling of fatigue, lack of energy;
- decreased or absent sex drive;
- decreased concentration, attention, memory;
- feelings of worthlessness, self-recrimination, self-deprecation;
- suicidal thoughts.
Mood swings in bipolar disorder are cyclical, often associated with the seasons (seasonal). In children and adolescents, the symptoms of the disorder are more difficult to identify, and it is often difficult to tell whether mood swings are normal (as a result of a joyous event, stress, or trauma) or indicative of a mental health problem. It is worth paying attention to sudden mood swings that are unusual for a child.
Causes of bipolar disorder
The exact causes of bipolar disorder are unknown, but genetics and possible structural changes in the brain are thought to be important factors. People with bipolar disorder often have close relatives with the disorder. Severe stress, alcohol and drug abuse can also influence the development of the disorder. The disorder can be combined with other conditions such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid abnormalities, which can complicate treatment.
Self-treatment for bipolar disorder
If you or a loved one is suffering from bipolar disorder, it is important to seek qualified help as early as possible. Timely treatment can help reduce symptoms, decrease the frequency and intensity of mood swings, and allow you to lead a normal life. Although many people wonder if bipolar disorder can be cured on their own, the answer is unequivocal – no. Treatment requires the intervention of specialists, as the symptoms of the disease are out of the patient’s control. Without qualified help, it is impossible to effectively deal with this disorder.
Accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder
Accurately diagnosing bipolar disorder is a key step toward successful treatment, but the process can be complicated. Mood swings in this disorder often resemble symptoms of other mental illnesses such as depression, ADHD, or borderline personality disorder.
Difficulties in diagnosis
For many people with bipolar disorder, it takes several years and many doctor visits before the condition is properly diagnosed. Proper diagnosis can be difficult, even for experienced professionals, so it is recommended that you see a psychiatrist who specializes in treating bipolar disorder. Such a doctor is likely to be more knowledgeable about the latest research and treatments, as well as have contacts with other specialists for more effective treatment.
What does the diagnosis include?
- Psychiatric evaluation
The clinician conducts a complete psychiatric history, including questions about symptoms, medical history, previous treatment, and family history of mood disorders.
- Physical examination and tests
There are no specific lab tests to diagnose bipolar disorder, but it is important to rule out other illnesses or medications that may cause similar symptoms.
- Additional conversations with loved ones
The doctor may talk to family members or friends to get a more objective picture of the patient’s behavior and mood, as they may notice signs that the patient may not always realize.
Comprehensive treatment for bipolar disorder
Comprehensive treatment for bipolar disorder focuses on the following goals:
- Symptom relief.
- Restore the ability to solve problems in different areas of life (home and work).
- Reducing the likelihood of relapse.
The treatment plan includes several key components:
1. Medications
Medication is the mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder. Mood stabilizers help minimize the “ups” and “downs” while maintaining control.
2. Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy helps you cope with difficult emotions, repair relationships with others, process stress, and learn to manage your mood. Working with a therapist helps to understand the problems caused by the illness.
3. Education
Knowledge about bipolar disorder plays a key role in treatment. The more you and your loved ones understand about the illness, the easier it is to cope and avoid complications.
4. Lifestyle changes
Following a healthy daily routine helps minimize the impact of symptoms. This includes:
- Regular sleep schedule
- No alcohol or drugs
- Exercise program
- Avoiding stress and conflict
- Maintaining a positive attitude
5. Support
Living with bipolar disorder can be challenging, so having a solid support system is important. Participating in a support group allows you to share experiences and learn from those who have already gone through difficulties. Support from friends and family also plays an important role in the recovery process.
The role of medication in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Medication is necessary for most people with bipolar disorder to control symptoms. It can reduce the frequency and severity of episodes and sometimes prevent them.
Conclusion
Bipolar disorder is a complex and chronic condition that requires comprehensive treatment to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected. Early diagnosis, professional intervention, and a combination of medication, psychotherapy, education, lifestyle changes, and a strong support system are crucial for managing the disorder effectively. While medications play a vital role in stabilizing mood swings, it is important to understand that they are not a cure-all, and ongoing treatment, along with lifestyle adjustments, is essential for long-term management. By working closely with healthcare professionals, individuals with bipolar disorder can achieve greater stability and lead fulfilling lives.
